Soluciones alternativas para reducir el estrés térmico durante la tarde en la vivienda social con techo de láminas de acero galvanizado en el clima cálido y húmedo de portoviejo
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Cubiertas, transferencia y estrés térmicos, confort, salud
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La lámina de acero galvanizado es un elemento de construcción ampliamente usado en la vivienda social de los países en desarrollo. Desde el punto de vista térmico, es favorable en los climas cálido-húmedos en la noche, pero las personas que permanecen en la vivienda durante la tarde se exponen a condiciones de calor extremas. Este artículo muestra los resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas en Portoviejo, Ecuador, con vistas a proponer soluciones alternativas de bajo costo para reducir la temperatura interior durante la tarde, con recursos locales disponibles.
La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas; la primera corresponde a un trabajo de campo en 49 cubiertas de láminas de acero galvanizado en viviendas sociales, durante la segunda se realizó un inventario de los recursos disponibles locamente en aras de proponer soluciones alternativas para reducir la temperatura interior, cuyo desempeño fue finalmente monitoreado en módulos experimentales. Los resultados fueron procesados estadísticamente y se realizó un análisis costo-beneficio.
Los habitantes están expuestos diariamente a 8,5 horas de estrés térmico, desde las 10:30 a.m. hasta las 7:00 p.m., el cual puede reducirse mediante las soluciones alternativas propuestas, hasta solo tres horas diarias usando falso techo de «zapán» (fibra vegetal del tallo de la planta del plátano) debajo del techo de láminas de acero galvanizado.
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Véliz Párraga, J. F., & González Couret, D. (1). Soluciones alternativas para reducir el estrés térmico durante la tarde en la vivienda social con techo de láminas de acero galvanizado en el clima cálido y húmedo de portoviejo. Eco Solar, (79), 27-35. Recuperado a partir de http://ecosolar.cubaenergia.cu/index.php/ecosolar/article/view/95
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ADITYA, L., MAHLIA, T. M., RISMANCHI, B., NG, H. M., HASAN, M. H., METSELAAR, H. S., & ADITIYA, H. B. (2017). A review on insulation materials for energy conservation in buildings. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 73, 1352-1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.034
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CARLUCCI, S., & PAGLIANO, L. (2012). A review of indices for the long-term evaluation of the general thermal comfort conditions in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 53, 194-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.06.015
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FANG, Z., XU, X., ZHOU, X., WU, H., LIU, J. AND LIN, Z. (2019). Investigation into the thermal comfort of universty students conducting outdoor training. Building and Environment, 149, 26 - 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.003
HANNA, E. G., & TAIT, P. W. (2015). Limitations to Thermoregulation and Acclimatization Challenge Human Adaptation to Global Warming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 8034-8074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708034
HATVANI, K. G., BELUSKO, M., SKINNER, N., POCKETT, J., & BOLAND, J. (2016). Drivers and barriers to heat stress resilience. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 603-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.028
HATVANI, K. G BELUSKO, M., SKINNER, N., POCHETT, J.AND BOLAND, J. (2016). Heat stress risk and resilience in the urban environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 278-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.019
HENDEL, M., AZOS-DÍAZ, K. AND TREMEAC, B. (2017). Behavioral adaptation to heat-related health risks in cities. Energy and Buildings, 152, 823 - 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.22.063
JELLE, B. P. (2011). Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions-Properties, requirements and possibilities. Energy and Buildings, 43, 2549-2563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.015
KABRE, C. (2010). A new thermal performance index for dwelling roofs in the warm humid tropics. Building and Environment, 45, 727-738. https://doi,org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.08.017
LOENHOUT, J. A. F., GRAND, A., DUJIM, F., VINK, N. M., HOEK, G. AND ZUURBIER, M. (2016). The effect of high indoor temperatures on self-perceived health of elderly persons. Environmental Research, 146, 27 - 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.012
MIRON, I. O., MANEA, D. L., CANTOR, D. M., & ACIU, C. (2017). Organic Thermal Insulation Based on Wheat Straw. Procedia Engineering, 181, 674-681. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
MORENO, A. C., MORAIS, I. S., & SOUZA, R. G. (2017). Thermal Performance of Social Housing-A Study Based on Brazilian Regulations. Energy Procedia, 111, 111-120. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
NEMATCHOUSA, M. K., RICCIARDI, P., ORROSA, J. A., ASADI, S., & CHOUNDHARY, R. (2019). Influence of indoor environmental quality on the self-estimated performance of office workers in the tropical wet and hot climate of Cameroon. Journal of Building Engineering, 21, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.007
OMONIJO, A. G. (2017). Assessing seasonal variations in urban thermal comfort and potential health risks using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature: A case of Ibadan. Nigeria. Urban Climate, 21, 87-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.006
Pantavau, K., Theoharatos, G., Mavrakis, A., & Santamouris, M. (2011). Evaluating thermal comfort conditions and health responses during an extremely hot summer in Athens. Building and Environment, 46, 339-344. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.026
PARGANA, N., PINHEIRO, M. D., SILVESTRE, J. D., & BRITO, J. (2014). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of thermal insulation materials of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 82, 466-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.057
PARSON, K. C. (2003). Humann Thermal Environments. The Effects of Hot, Moderate and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance. (3rd ed). London New York: CRC Press.
PYRGOU, A., & SANTAMOURIS, M. (2018). Increasing probability of heat-related mortality in a Mediterranean city due to urban warming. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15, 1571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081571
QUINN, A., TAMARIUS, J. D., PERZANOWSKI, M., JACOBSON, J. S., GOLDSTEIN, I., ACOSTA, L., & SHAMAN, J. (2014). Predicting indoor heat exposure risk during extreme heat events. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 686-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.039
SAMPSON, N. R., GRONLUND, C. J., BUXTON, M. A., CATALANO, L., WHITE, N., COLON, K. C., & PARKER, E. A. (2013). Staying cool in a changing climate: Reaching vulnerable populations during heat events. Global Environmental Change, 23, 475-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.011
SHARADKHANI, R., KAHANJANI, N., BAHRAM, B., JOHANI, Y. AND TABRIZI, J. S. Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index and mortality in Tabriz (The northwest of Iran). (2018). Journal of Thtemal Biology, 71, 195 - 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.012
UEJIO, C. K., WILHELMI, O. V., GOLDEN, J. S., MILLS, D. M., GULINO, S. P., & SAMENOW, J. P. (2011). Intra-urban societal vulnerability to extreme heat: the role of heat exposure and the built environment, socioeconomics, and neighborhood stability. Health & Place, 17, 498-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.005
WANG, J., KUFFER, M., SLIUZAS, R., & KOHLI, D. (2019). The exposure of slums to high temperature: Morphology-based local scale thermal patterns. Science of the total environment, 650, 1805-1817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.324
ZANDER, K. K., MOSS, S. A., & GARNETT, S. T. (2017). Drivers of self-reported heat stress in the Australian labour force. Environmental research, 152, 272-279. http://dx.coi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.029
ZUO, J., PULLEN, S., PALMER, J., BENNETTS, H., CHILESHE, N., & MA, T. (2015). Impacts of heat waves and corresponding measures: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclespro.2014.12.078
ASDRUBALI, F., D’ALESSANDRO, F., & SCHIAVONI, S. (2015). A review of unconventional sustainable building insulation materials. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 4, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2015.05.002
CARLUCCI, S., & PAGLIANO, L. (2012). A review of indices for the long-term evaluation of the general thermal comfort conditions in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 53, 194-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.06.015
DÍAZ, O. (2012). La cubierta metálica en el clima cálido húmedo: análisis del comportamiento térmico del techo de zinc de la vivienda vernácula dominicana. Catalunya: Master’s thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. https://upcpmmons.uc.edu.es
DIN, M. F., LEE, Y. Y., PONRAJ, M., OSSEN, D. R., IWAO, K., & CHELLIAPAN, S. (2014). Thermal comfort of various building layouts with a proposed discomfort index range for tropical climate. Journal of thermal biology, 41, 6-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.01.004
FANG, Z., XU, X., ZHOU, X., WU, H., LIU, J. AND LIN, Z. (2019). Investigation into the thermal comfort of universty students conducting outdoor training. Building and Environment, 149, 26 - 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.003
HANNA, E. G., & TAIT, P. W. (2015). Limitations to Thermoregulation and Acclimatization Challenge Human Adaptation to Global Warming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 8034-8074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708034
HATVANI, K. G., BELUSKO, M., SKINNER, N., POCKETT, J., & BOLAND, J. (2016). Drivers and barriers to heat stress resilience. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 603-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.028
HATVANI, K. G BELUSKO, M., SKINNER, N., POCHETT, J.AND BOLAND, J. (2016). Heat stress risk and resilience in the urban environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 278-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.019
HENDEL, M., AZOS-DÍAZ, K. AND TREMEAC, B. (2017). Behavioral adaptation to heat-related health risks in cities. Energy and Buildings, 152, 823 - 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.22.063
JELLE, B. P. (2011). Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions-Properties, requirements and possibilities. Energy and Buildings, 43, 2549-2563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.015
KABRE, C. (2010). A new thermal performance index for dwelling roofs in the warm humid tropics. Building and Environment, 45, 727-738. https://doi,org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.08.017
LOENHOUT, J. A. F., GRAND, A., DUJIM, F., VINK, N. M., HOEK, G. AND ZUURBIER, M. (2016). The effect of high indoor temperatures on self-perceived health of elderly persons. Environmental Research, 146, 27 - 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.012
MIRON, I. O., MANEA, D. L., CANTOR, D. M., & ACIU, C. (2017). Organic Thermal Insulation Based on Wheat Straw. Procedia Engineering, 181, 674-681. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
MORENO, A. C., MORAIS, I. S., & SOUZA, R. G. (2017). Thermal Performance of Social Housing-A Study Based on Brazilian Regulations. Energy Procedia, 111, 111-120. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
NEMATCHOUSA, M. K., RICCIARDI, P., ORROSA, J. A., ASADI, S., & CHOUNDHARY, R. (2019). Influence of indoor environmental quality on the self-estimated performance of office workers in the tropical wet and hot climate of Cameroon. Journal of Building Engineering, 21, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.007
OMONIJO, A. G. (2017). Assessing seasonal variations in urban thermal comfort and potential health risks using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature: A case of Ibadan. Nigeria. Urban Climate, 21, 87-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.006
Pantavau, K., Theoharatos, G., Mavrakis, A., & Santamouris, M. (2011). Evaluating thermal comfort conditions and health responses during an extremely hot summer in Athens. Building and Environment, 46, 339-344. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.026
PARGANA, N., PINHEIRO, M. D., SILVESTRE, J. D., & BRITO, J. (2014). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of thermal insulation materials of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 82, 466-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.057
PARSON, K. C. (2003). Humann Thermal Environments. The Effects of Hot, Moderate and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance. (3rd ed). London New York: CRC Press.
PYRGOU, A., & SANTAMOURIS, M. (2018). Increasing probability of heat-related mortality in a Mediterranean city due to urban warming. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15, 1571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081571
QUINN, A., TAMARIUS, J. D., PERZANOWSKI, M., JACOBSON, J. S., GOLDSTEIN, I., ACOSTA, L., & SHAMAN, J. (2014). Predicting indoor heat exposure risk during extreme heat events. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 686-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.039
SAMPSON, N. R., GRONLUND, C. J., BUXTON, M. A., CATALANO, L., WHITE, N., COLON, K. C., & PARKER, E. A. (2013). Staying cool in a changing climate: Reaching vulnerable populations during heat events. Global Environmental Change, 23, 475-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.011
SHARADKHANI, R., KAHANJANI, N., BAHRAM, B., JOHANI, Y. AND TABRIZI, J. S. Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index and mortality in Tabriz (The northwest of Iran). (2018). Journal of Thtemal Biology, 71, 195 - 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.012
UEJIO, C. K., WILHELMI, O. V., GOLDEN, J. S., MILLS, D. M., GULINO, S. P., & SAMENOW, J. P. (2011). Intra-urban societal vulnerability to extreme heat: the role of heat exposure and the built environment, socioeconomics, and neighborhood stability. Health & Place, 17, 498-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.005
WANG, J., KUFFER, M., SLIUZAS, R., & KOHLI, D. (2019). The exposure of slums to high temperature: Morphology-based local scale thermal patterns. Science of the total environment, 650, 1805-1817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.324
ZANDER, K. K., MOSS, S. A., & GARNETT, S. T. (2017). Drivers of self-reported heat stress in the Australian labour force. Environmental research, 152, 272-279. http://dx.coi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.029
ZUO, J., PULLEN, S., PALMER, J., BENNETTS, H., CHILESHE, N., & MA, T. (2015). Impacts of heat waves and corresponding measures: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclespro.2014.12.078